IMPORTANCE OF CHEMISTRY
NATURE OF MATTER - States of Matter , Classification of Matter

PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR MEASUREMENT - Physical and chemical properties , Measurement of physical properties , The International System of Units (SI) , Mass and Weight , Volume , Density , Temperature

UNCERTAINTY IN MEASUREMENT - Scientific Notation , Significant Figures , Dimensional Analysis

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION- Law of Conservation of Mass , Law of Definite Proportions , Law of Multiple Proportions , Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes , Avogadro’s Law

DISCOVERY OF SUB-ATOMIC PARTICLES - Discovery of Electron , Charge to Mass Ratio of Electron , Charge on the Electron , Discovery of Protons and Neutrons

ATOMIC MODELS - Thomson Model of Atom , Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom , Atomic Number and Mass Number , Isobars and Isotopes , Drawbacks of Rutherford Model

DEVELOPMENTS LEADING TO THE BOHR’S MODEL OF ATOM - Wave Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation, 

Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiation - Planck’s Quantum Theory , Photoelectric Effect , Dual Behaviour of Electromagnetic Radiation, 

Evidence for the quantized Electronic Energy Levels - Atomic spectra , Emission and Absorption Spectra, Line Spectrum of Hydrogen

BOHR’S MODEL FOR HYDROGEN ATOM - Explanation of Line Spectrum of Hydrogen , Limitations of Bohr’s Model

TOWARDS QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF THE ATOM - Dual Behaviour of Matter, 

Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle - Significance of Uncertainty Principle , Reasons for the Failure of the Bohr Model

QUANTUM MECHANICAL MODEL OF ATOM - 

Hydrogen Atom and the Schrödinger Equation,
Orbitals and Quantum Numbers,
Shapes of Atomic Orbitals,
Energies of Orbitals,
Filling of Orbitals in Atom - Aufbau Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, Hund’s Rule of Maximum Multiplicity,

Electronic Configuration of Atoms,
Stability of Completely Filled and Half Filled Subshells,

CLASSICAL IDEA OF REDOX REACTIONS  - OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTIONS

REDOX REACTIONS IN TERMS OF
ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS - Competitive Electron Transfer Reactions

OXIDATION NUMBER - Oxidation , Reduction , Oxidising agent , Reducing agent , Redox reactions

Types of Redox Reactions - 

Combination reactions,
Decomposition reactions,
Displacement reactions- Metal displacement, Non-metal displacement,

Disproportionation reactions,
Balancing of Redox Reactions - Oxidation Number Method , Half Reaction Method,
Redox Reactions as the Basis for Titrations,
Limitations of Concept of Oxidation Number

REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTRODE
PROCESSES

THERMODYNAMIC TERMS - 

The System and the Surroundings,
Types of the System - Open System, Closed System, Isolated System,

The State of the System,
The Internal Energy as a State Function - Work,
Heat, The general case

APPLICATIONS - 

Work,
Enthalpy - A Useful New State Function , Extensive and Intensive Properties , Heat Capacity , The Relationship between Cp and CV for an Ideal Gas
MEASUREMENT OF ∆U AND ∆H: CALORIMETRY

∆U Measurements,
∆H Measurements,

ENTHALPY CHANGE, DrH OF A
REACTION – REACTION ENTHALPY -

Standard Enthalpy of Reactions,
Enthalpy Changes during Phase Transformations,
Standard Enthalpy of Formation,
Thermochemical Equations,
Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation,

ENTHALPIES FOR DIFFERENT TYPES
OF REACTIONS-

Standard Enthalpy of Combustion (symbol : ∆cHϴ) ,
Enthalpy of Atomization (symbol: ∆aHϴ),
Bond Enthalpy (symbol: ∆bondHϴ),
Lattice Enthalpy,
Enthalpy of Solution (symbol : ∆solHϴ ),
Enthalpy of Dilution,

SPONTANEITY-

Is Decrease in Enthalpy a Criterion for Spontaneity ?,
Entropy and Spontaneity,
Gibbs Energy and Spontaneity,
Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics,
Absolute Entropy and Third Law of Thermodynamics,

GIBBS ENERGY CHANGE AND
EQUILIBRIUM

EQUILIBRIUM IN PHYSICAL PROCESSES -

Solid-Liquid Equilibrium
Liquid-Vapour Equilibrium
Solid – Vapour Equilibrium
Equilibrium Involving Dissolution of Solid or Gases in Liquids -
Solids in liquids, Gases in liquids

General Characteristics of Equilibria Involving Physical Processes

EQUILIBRIUM IN CHEMICAL PROCESSES – DYNAMIC
EQUILIBRIUM


LAW OF CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM AND EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

HOMOGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA-Equilibrium Constant in Gaseous Systems

HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIA
APPLICATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANTS - 

Predicting the Extent of a Reaction
Predicting the Direction of the Reaction
Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT K,
REACTION QUOTIENT Q AND GIBBS ENERGY G


FACTORS AFFECTING EQUILIBRIA-

Effect of Concentration Change
Effect of Pressure Change
Effect of Inert Gas Addition
Effect of Temperature Change
Effect of a Catalyst

IONIC EQUILIBRIUM IN SOLUTION
ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS -

Arrhenius Concept of Acids and Bases
The Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
Lewis Acids and Bases

IONIZATION OF ACIDS AND BASES-

The Ionization Constant of Water and its Ionic Product
The pH Scale
Ionization Constants of Weak Acids
Ionization of Weak Bases
Relation between Ka and Kb
Di- and Polybasic Acids and Di- and Polyacidic Bases
Factors Affecting Acid Strength
Common Ion Effect in the Ionization of Acids and Bases
Hydrolysis of Salts and the pH of their Solutions

BUFFER SOLUTIONS

Designing Buffer Solution

SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA OF SPARINGLY SOLUBLE SALTS-

Solubility Product Constant
Common Ion Effect on Solubility of Ionic Salts

Types of Solutions
Expressing Concentration of Solutions-

Mass percentage (w/w)
Volume percentage (V/V)
Mass by volume percentage (w/V)
Parts per million
Mole fraction
Molarity
Molality

Solubility-

Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid
Solubility of a Solid in a Liquid

Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions -

Vapour Pressure of Liquid- Liquid Solutions -Raoult’s law, Dalton’s law of partial pressures

Raoult’s Law as a special case of Henry’s Law
Vapour Pressure of Solutions of Solids in Liquids

Ideal and Non ideal Solutions
Colligative Properties and Determination of Molar Mass-

Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure,
Elevation of Boiling Point,
Depression of Freezing Point,
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure,
Reverse Osmosis and Water Purification,
Abnormal Molar Masses

Electrochemical Cells
Galvanic Cells-

Measurement of Electrode Potential

Nernst Equation-

Equilibrium Constant from Nernst Equation
Electrochemical Cell and Gibbs Energy  of the Reaction

Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions-

Measurement of the Conductivity of Ionic Solutions,
Variation of Conductivity and Molar Conductivity with Concentration,

Electrolytic Cells and Electrolysis-

Quantitative Aspects of Electrolysis
Products of Electrolysis

Batteries-

Primary Batteries
Secondary Batteries

Fuel Cells
Corrosion

Rate of a Chemical Reaction

Factors Influencing Rate of a Reaction-

Dependence of Rate on Concentration,
Rate Expression and Rate Constant,
Order of a Reaction,
Molecularity of a Reaction,

Integrated Rate Equations-

Zero Order Reactions,
First Order Reactions,
Half-Life of a Reaction,

Temperature Dependence of the Rate of a Reaction-

Effect of Catalyst,

Collision Theory of Chemical  Reactions

INTRODUCTION,

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES - Dispersion Forces or London Forces , Dipole - Dipole Forces , Dipole–Induced Dipole Forces , Hydrogen bond

THERMAL ENERGY,

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES vs THERMAL INTERACTIONS,

THE GASEOUS STATE,

THE GAS LAWS -Boyle’s Law (Pressure - Volume Relationship), Charles’ Law (Temperature - Volume Relationship), Gay Lussac’s Law (Pressure- Temperature Relationship), Avogadro Law (Volume - Amount Relationship)

IDEAL GAS EQUATION - Density and Molar Mass of a Gaseous Substance , Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

KINETIC ENERGY AND MOLECULAR SPEEDS,

KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES,

BEHAVIOUR OF REAL GASES,

DEVIATION FROM IDEAL GAS BEHAVIOUR,

LIQUIFACTION OF GASES,

LIQUID STATE - Vapour Pressure, Surface Tension, Viscosity

General Characteristics of Solid State

Amorphous and Crystalline Solids- 

Distinction between Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

Classification of Crystalline Solids Molecular Solids
Ionic Solids
Metallic Solids
Covalent or Network Solids

Crystal Lattices and Unit Cells

Primitive and Centred Unit Cells- Seven Primitive Unit Cells and their Possible Variations as Centred Unit Cells
Unit Cells of 14 Types of Bravais Lattices

Number of Atoms in a Unit Cell

Primitive Cubic Unit Cell
Body- Centred Cubic Unit Cell
Face- Centred Cubic Unit Cell

Close Packed Structures

Close Packing in One Dimension,
Close Packing in Two Dimensions,
Close Packing in Three Dimensions - Placing second layer over the first layer , Placing third layer over the  second layer,
Formula of a and Number of Voids Filled- Locating Tetrahedral and Octahedral Voids

Packing Efficiency Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures
Efficiency of Packing in Body- Centred Cubic Unit Cell

Packing Efficiency in hcp and ccp Structures
Calculations Involving unit cell dimensions

Imperfections in Solids-

Types of Point Defects

Stoichiometric Defects - Vacancy Defect,Interstitial Defect, Frenkel Defect, Schottky Defect
Impurity Defects,
Non-Stoichiometric Defects,

Electrical Properties-

Conduction of Electricity in Metals
Conduction of Electricity in Semiconductors-

Electron – rich impurities,
Electron – deficit impurities,
Applications of n-type and p-type semiconductors,

Magnetic Properties Paramagnetism

Diamagnetism
Ferromagnetism
Antiferromagnetism
Ferrimagnetism

Adsorption-

Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption,
Mechanism of Adsorption,
Types of Adsorption- Characteristics of physisorption , Characteristics of chemisorption , Comparison of Physisorption and Chemisorption

Adsorption Isotherms
Adsorption from Solution Phase
Applications of Adsorption

Catalysis-

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Shape- Selective Catalysis by Zeolites
Enzyme Catalysis - Characteristics of enzyme catalysis,
,Mechanism of enzyme catalysis

Catalysts in Industry- Haber’s process , Ostwald’s process , Contact process

Colloids

Classification of Colloids

Classification Based on Physical State of Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
Classification Based on Nature of  Interaction between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium
Classification Based on Type of Particles of the Dispersed Phase, Multimolecular, Macromolecular and Associated Colloids - Mechanism of micelle formation ,Cleansing action of soaps

Preparation of Colloids - Chemical methods , Electrical disintegration or Bredig’s Arc method , Peptization

Purification of Colloidal Solutions - Dialysis , Electro-dialysis , Ultrafiltration

Properties of Colloidal Solutions - Colligative properties , Tyndall effect , Colour , Brownian movement , Charge on colloidal particles , Electrophoresis , Coagulation or precipitation

Coagulation of lyophilic sols,
Protection of colloids,

Emulsions
Colloids Around Us-  Applications of colloids

GENESIS OF PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION


MODERN PERIODIC LAW AND THE PRESENT FORM OF THE PERIODIC TABLE


NOMENCLATURE OF ELEMENTS WITH ATOMIC NUMBERS > 100

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF ELEMENTS AND THE PERIODIC TABLE - Electronic Configurations in Periods, Groupwise Electronic Configurations

ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS AND TYPES OF ELEMENTS:
s-, p-, d-, f- BLOCKS - The s-Block Elements, The p-Block Elements, The d-Block Elements (Transition
Elements), The f-Block Elements
(Inner-Transition Elements) , Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids

PERIODIC TRENDS IN PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS - Trends in Physical Properties Atomic Radius , Ionic Radius , Ionization Enthalpy , Electron Gain Enthalpy , Electronegativity

Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties- Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States , Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements

Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity

KÖSSEL-LEWIS APPROACH TO CHEMICAL BONDING-

Octet Rule
Covalent Bond
Lewis Representation of Simple
Molecules (the Lewis Structures)
Formal Charge
Limitations of the Octet Rule

IONIC OR ELECTROVALENT BOND - Lattice Enthalpy

BOND PARAMETERS

Bond Length
Bond Angle
Bond Enthalpy
Bond Order
Resonance Structures
Polarity of Bonds

THE VALENCE SHELL ELECTRON PAIR REPULSION (VSEPR) THEORY

VALENCE BOND THEORY -

Orbital Overlap Concept
Directional Properties of Bonds
Overlapping of Atomic Orbitals
Types of Overlapping and Nature of
Covalent Bonds
Strength of Sigma and pi Bonds

HYBRIDISATION - 

Types of Hybridisation , Other Examples of sp3, sp2 and sp Hybridisation sp3 Hybridisation in C2H6 molecule , sp2 Hybridisation in C2H4 , sp Hybridisation in C2H2

Hybridisation of Elements involving
d Orbitals - Formation of PCl5 (sp3d hybridisation) , Formation of SF6 (sp3d2 hybridisation)

MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY -

Formation of Molecular Orbitals
Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals (LCAO)
Conditions for the Combination of Atomic Orbitals
Types of Molecular Orbitals
Energy Level Diagram for Molecular Orbitals
Electronic Configuration and Molecular Behaviour - Stability of Molecules , Bond order , Nature of the bond , Bond-length , Magnetic nature

BONDING IN SOME HOMONUCLEAR DIATOMIC MOLECULES - 

Hydrogen molecule (H2 )
Helium molecule (He2 )
Lithium molecule (Li2 )
Carbon molecule (C2 )
Oxygen molecule (O2 )

HYDROGEN BONDING -

Cause of Formation of Hydrogen
Bond
Types of H-Bonds - Intermolecular hydrogen bond , ntramolecular hydrogen bond

GROUP 13 ELEMENTS: THE BORON FAMILY-

Electronic Configuration
Atomic Radii
Ionization Enthalpy
Electronegativity
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties - Oxidation state and trends in chemical reactivity , Reactivity towards air , Reactivity towards acids and alkalies , Reactivity towards halogens

IMPORTANT TRENDS AND ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF BORON

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF BORON -

Borax
Orthoboric acid

Diborane, B2H6

USES OF BORON AND ALUMINIUM AND THEIR COMPOUNDS -

GROUP 14 ELEMENTS: THE CARBON FAMILY -

Electronic Configuration
Covalent Radius
Ionization Enthalpy Electronegativity
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties -Oxidation states and trends in chemical reactivity , Reactivity towards oxygen , Reactivity towards water , Reactivity towards halogen

IMPORTANT TRENDS AND ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF CARBON

ALLOTROPES OF CARBON -

Diamond
Graphite
Fullerenes
Uses of Carbon

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CARBON AND SILICON - Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Silicon Dioxide, SiO2
Silicones
Silicates
Zeolites

Group 15 Elements -

Occurrence
ElectronicConfiguration
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ionisation Enthalpy
Electronegativity
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties

Dinitrogen -

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Ammonia -

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Oxides of Nitrogen

Nitric Acid-

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Phosphorus — Allotropic Forms

Phosphine  -

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Phosphorus Halides-PhosphorusTrichloride
PhosphorusPentachloride

Oxoacids of Phosphorus

Group 16 Elements

Occurrence
ElectronicConfiguration
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ionisation Enthalpy
Electron Gain Enthalpy
Electronegativity
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties

Dioxygen-

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Simple Oxides
Ozone-

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Sulphur — Allotropic Forms-

Rhombic sulphur (a-sulphur)
Monoclinic sulphur (b-sulphur)

Sulphur Dioxide-

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Oxoacids of Sulphur

Sulphuric Acid -

Manufacture
Properties
Uses

Group 17 Elements

Occurrence
Electronic Configuration
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ionisation Enthalpy
Electron Gain Enthalpy
Electronegativity
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties

Chlorine -

Preparation
Manufacture of chlorine
Properties
Uses

HydrogenChloride -

Preparation
Properties
Uses

Oxoacids of Halogens
Inter halogen Compounds -Preparation
Properties
Uses

Group 18 Elements -

Occurrence
Electronic Configuration
Ionisation Enthalpy
Atomic Radii
Electron Gain Enthalpy

Position in the Periodic Table

Electronic Configurations of the d Block Elements

General Properties of the Transition Elements (d-Block) -

Physical Properties
Variation in Atomic and Ionic Sizes of Transition Metals
Ionisation Enthalpies
Oxidation States
Trends in the M2+/M Standard Electrode Potentials
Trends in the M3+/M2+ Standard Electrode Potentials
Trends in Stability of Higher Oxidation States
Chemical Reactivity and Eϴ Values
Magnetic Properties
Formation of Coloured Ions
Formation of Complex Compounds
Catalytic Properties
Formation of Interstitial Compounds
Alloy Formation

Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements-

Oxides and Oxoanions of Metals

The Lanthanoids-

Electronic Configurations
Atomic and Ionic Sizes
Oxidation States
Electronic Configurations and Radii of Lanthanum and Lanthanoids
General Characteristics

The Actinoids-

Some Properties of Actinium and Actinoids
Electronic Configurations
Ionic Sizes
Oxidation States
General Characteristics and Comparison with Lanthanoids
Some Applications of d- and f-Block Elements

Werner’s Theory of Coordination Compounds

Definitions of Some Important Terms Pertaining to Coordination 

Compounds Coordination entity
Central atom/ion
Ligands
Coordination number
Coordination sphere
Coordination polyhedron
Oxidation number of central atom

Homoleptic and heteroleptic complexes

Nomenclature of Coordination Compounds

Formulas of Mononuclear Coordination Entities
Naming of Mononuclear Coordination Compounds

Isomerism in Coordination Compounds -

Stereoisomerism -Geometric Isomerism, Optical Isomerism
Structural isomerism - Linkage Isomerism , Coordination Isomerism, Ionisation Isomerism , Solvate Isomerism

Bonding in Coordination Compounds -

Valence Bond Theory,
Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds,
Limitations of Valence Bond Theory,
Crystal Field Theory - Crystal field splitting in octahedral coordination entities, Crystal field splitting in tetrahedral coordination entities,
Colour in Coordination Compounds
Limitations of Crystal Field Theory
Bonding in Metal Carbonyls,

Importance and Applications of Coordination Compounds

GROUP 1 ELEMENTS: ALKALI METALS -

Electronic Configuration
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ionization Enthalpy
Hydration Enthalpy
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties - Reactivity towards air , Reactivity towards water , Reactivity towards dihydrogen , Reactivity towards halogens , Reducing nature , Solutions in liquid ammonia

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE COMPOUNDS OF THE ALKALI METALS

Oxides and Hydroxides
Halides
Salts of Oxo-Acids

ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM -

Points of Difference between Lithium and other Alkali Metals
Points of Similarities between Lithium and Magnesium

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM-

Sodium Carbonate (Washing Soda),
Na2CO3·10H2O

Sodium Chloride, NaCl

Sodium Hydroxide (Caustic Soda), NaOH
Sodium Hydrogencarbonate (Baking Soda), NaHCO3

BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM

GROUP 2 ELEMENTS : ALKALINE
EARTH METALS -

Electronic Configuration
Atomic and Ionic Radii
Ionization Enthalpies
Hydration Enthalpies
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties - Reactivity towards air and water , Reactivity towards the halogens , Reactivity towards hydrogen , Reactivity towards acids , Reducing nature , Solutions in liquid ammonia

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS OF THE ALKALINE EARTH METALS - Oxides and Hydroxides , Halides , Salts of Oxoacids(Carbonates, Sulphates, Nitrates)

ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF
BERYLLIUM - 

Diagonal Relationship between Beryllium and Aluminium

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CALCIUM -

Calcium Oxide or Quick Lime, CaO
Calcium Hydroxide (Slaked lime), Ca(OH)2
Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
Calcium Sulphate (Plaster of Paris), CaSO4·½ H2O

BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM

Occurrence of Metals

Concentration of Ores-

Hydraulic Washing
Magnetic Separation
Froth Floatation Method
Leaching- Leaching of alumina from bauxite , Other examples

Extraction of Crude Metal from Concentrated Ore -

Conversion to oxide- Calcination, Roasting

Reduction of oxide to the metal
Applications- Extraction of iron from its oxides, Extraction of copper from cuprous oxide [copper(I) oxide], Extraction of zinc from zinc oxide

Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy -

Hall-Heroult process.
Copper from Low Grade Ores and Scraps

Oxidation Reduction

Refining-

Distillation
Liquation
Electrolytic refining
Zone refining
Vapour phase refining
Chromatographic methods

Uses of Aluminium, Copper, Zinc and Iron

Basics of Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbon Radicals and Homologues Series

Common Name and Derived Names of Organic Compounds

Rules of IUPAC, Selection and Numbering of Principal Carbon Chain

IUPAC Naming of Organic Compounds

IUPAC Naming of Cyclic and Aromatic Compounds

Structural Isomerism – Chain Isomerism, Position Isomerism, Ring Chain, Functional Isomerism and Metamerism

Question Practice on Structural Isomerism

Geometrical Isomerism in Alkenes, Cyclo Alkanes, Allene, Biphenyl and Spiro Compounds

Nomenclature in Geometrical Isomerism Cis-Trans, Syn-Anti, E-Z System, Calculation of Number of Geometrical Isomers

Optical Isomerism and Optically Active Compounds

How to check Optical Activity, Optical Isomers in Allenes, Biphenyl Compounds,

Representation of Optical Isomers – Wedge Dash and Fischer Projection, Configuration of Optical Isomers – R/S and D/L Configuration

Relationship between Stereomers – Enantiomers, Diastereomers, Epimers, Erythereo and Thereo

Calculation of Numbers of Stereomers

Conformers of Alkanes and Cyclo Hexane

Reaction Intermediate, Inductive Effect – Stabilty of Carbocation and Carbanion
Acidic Strength and Basic Strength
Resonance, Localised and Delocalised Electrons, Stability of Resonating Structure

Type of Resonance - +M and –M Series, Stabilty of Carbocation and Carbanion
Acidic Strength and Basic Strength, Ortho Effect, SIR Effect, SIP Effect
Aromaticity and Dancing Resonance, Effect of Resonance on Bond Length and Bond Strength
Hyper Conjugation, Stability of Alkene and Heat of Hydrogenation
Electromeric Effect and Tautomerism

Solvent and Its Type, 

Electrophile and Nucleophile Leaving Group,

Carbene and Nitrene, 

Type of Reactions in Organic Chemistry
Electrophilic Addition Reaction (EAR),

Markovnikov’s Rule,

Carbocation Rearrangement,
EAR of Alkene with HX in Non-Polar and Polar Protic Solvent (PPS),

Sterochemistry in Chemical Reactions,

Stereospecific &
Stereoselective Reactions,

Anti Addition of HOX and Hydration of Alkenes
Oxymercuration Demercuration (OMDM) and Hydro Boration Oxidation (HBO),

Free Radical Addition Reaction (FRAR)

Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (NAR) 

Part 01
Nucleophilic Addition Reaction (NAR) Part 02

Electrophillic Substitution Reaction (ESR), 

Types of ESR – Halogenation, Nitration
Free Radical Substitution Reaction (FRSR)

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction (NSR) -

SN1 & SN2
Williamson Ether Synthesis,

Darzen’s Reaction,

Luca’s Test, 

NSR in Alcohol and Ether
NSR in Aromatic Compounds (SNAr) and NSR in Acid Derivatives (SNAE),

Elimination Reaction 

E1 & E2, Syatzeff and Hoffmann Rule
Dehydrohalogenation, Dehydration, Comparision between E1, E2, SN1 and SN2,

CLASSIFICATION

ALKANES

Nomenclature and. Isomerism
Preparation - From unsaturated hydrocarbons
From alkyl halides
From carboxylic acids

Physical properties
Chemical properties - Substitution reactions(Halogenation and its Mechanism), Combustion, Controlled oxidation,
Isomerisation,  Aromatization,  Reaction with steam, Pyrolysis

Conformations-

Sawhorse projections
Newman projections

ALKENES

Structure of Double Bond
Nomenclature
Isomerism - Structural isomerism, Geometrical isomerism

Preparation - From alkynes, From alkyl halides, From vicinal dihalides, From alcohols by acidic dehydration

Physical properties
Chemical properties - Addition of dihydrogen, Addition of halogens, Addition of hydrogen halides, Addition of sulphuric acid, Addition of water, Oxidation, Ozonolysis, Polymerisation

ALKYNES

Nomenclature and Isomerism
Structure of Triple Bond
Preparation - From calcium carbide, From vicinal dihalides

Physical properties
Chemical properties - Acidic character of alkyne, Addition reactions

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

Nomenclature and Isomerism
Structure of Benzene
Aromaticity
Preparation of Benzene - Cyclic polymerisation of ethyne, Decarboxylation of aromatic acids, Reduction of phenol

Physical properties
Chemical properties - Electrophilic substitution reactions, Mechanism of electrophilic substitution, Addition reactions

Directive influence of a functional
group in monosubstituted benzene"

CARCINOGENICITY AND TOXICITY

Classification

On the Basis of Number of Halogen Atoms
Compounds Containing sp3 C—X Bond (X= F, Cl, Br, I)- Alkyl halides or haloalkanes (R—X) , Allylic halides , Benzylic halides , 

Compounds Containing sp2 C—X Bond - Vinylic halides, Aryl halides

Nomenclature

Nature of C-X Bond

Methods of Preparation of Haloalkanes

From Alcohols
From Hydrocarbons - From alkanes by free radical halogenation , From alkenes

Halogen Exchange

Preparation of Haloarenes - From hydrocarbons by electrophilic substitution
From amines by Sandmeyer’s reaction

Physical Properties

Melting and boiling points
Density
Solubility

Chemical Reactions -

Reactions of Haloalkanes - Nucleophilic substitution reactions,  Elimination reactions, Reaction with metals

Reactions of Haloarenes- Nucleophilic substitution,
Electrophilic substitution reactions, Reaction with metals

Polyhalogen Compounds Dichloromethane(Methylenechloride) ,
Trichloromethane(Chloroform) ,
Triiodomethane(Iodoform) ,
Tetrachloromethane(Carbontetrachloride) ,
Freons,
p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT)

Classification

Alcohols— Mono, Di, Tri or Polyhydric alcohols,
Phenols— Mono, Di and trihydric phenols,
Ethers

Nomenclature
Alcohols,
Phenols

Structures of Functional Groups

Alcohols and Phenols
Preparation of Alcohols -From alkenes, From carbonyl compounds, From Grignard reagents

Preparation of Phenols - From haloarenes,  From benzenesulphonic acid, From diazonium salts, From cumene

Physical Properties - Boiling Points, Solubility

Chemical Reactions - Reactions involving cleavage of O–H bond ,Reactions involving cleavage of carbon – oxygen (C–O) bond in alcohols, Reactions of phenols

Some Commercially Important Alcohols

Methanol,
Ethanol

Ethers
Preparation of Ethers - By dehydration of alcohols, Williamson synthesis

Physical Properties,
Chemical Reactions - Cleavage of C–O bond in ethers, Electrophilic substitution

Nomenclature and Structure of Carbonyl Group
Nomenclature - Aldehydes and ketones (Common names , IUPAC names)
Structure of the Carbonyl Group

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones - By oxidation of alcohols, By dehydrogenation of alcohols,   From hydrocarbons

Preparation of Aldehydes- From acyl chloride (acid chloride), From nitriles and esters, From hydrocarbons

Preparation of Ketones - From acyl chlorides, From nitriles, From benzene or substituted benzenes

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones

Nomenclature and Structure of Carboxyl Group

Methods of Preparation of Carboxylic Acids

From primary alcohols and aldehydes,
From alkylbenzenes,
From nitriles and amides,
From Grignard reagents,
From acyl halides and anhydrides,
From esters

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions
Reactions Involving Cleavage of O–H Bond,
Reactions Involving Cleavage of C–OH Bond - Formation of anhydride, Esterification, Reactions with PCl5, PCl3 and SOCl2, Reaction with ammonia

Reactions Involving–COOH Group,
Substitution Reactions in the Hydrocarbon Part- Halogenation, Ring substitution

Structure of Amines

Classification

Nomenclature

Preparation of Amines 

Reduction of nitro compounds,
Ammonolysis of alkyl halides,
Reduction of nitriles,
Reduction of amides,
Gabriel phthalimide synthesis,
Hoffmann bromamide degradation reaction

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Basic character of amines,
Alkylation,
Acylation,
Carbylamine reaction,
Reaction with nitrous acid,
Reaction with arylsulphonyl chloride,
Electrophilic substitution

Method of Preparation of Diazoniun Salts

Physical Properties

Chemical Reactions

Reactions involving displacement of nitrogen
Reactions involving retention of diazo group coupling reactions


Importance of Diazonium Salts in Synthesis of Aromatic Compounds

Carbohydrates
Classification of Carbohydrates,
Monosaccharides,
Glucose - Preparation of Glucose, Structure of Glucose, Cyclic Structure of Glucose

Fructose - Structure of Fructose, Cyclic Structure of Fructose

Disaccharides - Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Polysaccharides - Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

Importance of Carbohydrates

Proteins
Amino Acids,
Classification of Amino Acids,
Structure of Proteins - Fibrous proteins, Globular proteins
Denaturation of Proteins

Enzymes

Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Vitamins

Classification of Vitamins

Nucleic Acids
Chemical Composition of Nucleic Acids,
Structure of Nucleic Acids,
Biological Functions of Nucleic Acids

Hormones

Drugs and their Classification
On the basis of pharmacological effect,
On the basis of drug action,
On the basis of chemical structure,
On the basis of molecular targets

Drug-Target Interaction
Enzymes as Drug Targets - Catalytic action of enzymes, Drug-enzyme interaction

Therapeutic Action of Different Classes of Drugs
Antacids,
Antihistamines,
Neurologically Active Drugs - Tranquilizers,  Analgesics
Antimicrobials - Antibiotics, Antiseptics and Disnfectants

Antifertility Drugs

Chemicals in Food
Artificial Sweetening Agents,
Food Preservatives,
Antioxidants in Food

Cleansing Agents

Soaps,
Synthetic Detergents

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION
Tropospheric Pollution -Gaseous air pollutants (Oxides of Sulphur , Oxides of Nitrogen, Hydrocarbons, Oxides of Carbon, Global Warming and Greenhouse Effect, Acid rain)

Particulate Pollutants -(Smog , Formation of photo-chemical smog, Effects of photochemical smog)

Stratospheric Pollution Formation and Breakdown of Ozone, The Ozone Hole, Effects of Depletion of the Ozone Layer

WATER POLLUTION

Causes of Water Pollution- Pathogens, Organic wastes, Chemical Pollutants

International Standards for Drinking Water - Fluoride,
Lead, Sulphate, Nitrate, Other metals

SOIL POLLUTION

INDUSTRIAL WASTE

"STRATEGIES TO CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION"

GREEN CHEMISTRY

Introduction,
Green Chemistry in day-to-day Life- Dry Cleaning of Clothes, Bleaching of Paper
Synthesis of Chemicals,
Green Solution’ to Clean Turbid Water

Classification of Polymers
Natural polymers,
Semi-synthetic polymers,
Synthetic polymers


Types of Polymerisation Reactions
Addition Polymerisation or Chain Growth Polymerisation,
Mechanism of Addition Polymerisation,
Some Important Addition Polymers - Polythene
Polytetrafluoroethene (Teflon),
Polyacrylonitrile

Condensation Polymerisation or Step Growth Polymerisation,
Some Important Condensation Polymers - Polyamides, Polyesters, Phenol – formaldehyde polymer (Bakelite and related polymers), Melamine — formaldehyde polymer

Copolymerisation
Rubber- Natural rubber , Synthetic rubbers


Molecular Mass of Polymers

Biodegradable Polymers
Poly b-hydroxybutyrate – co-b-hydroxy valerate (PHBV),
Nylon 2–nylon 6

Polymers of Commercial Importance